It shows wide . None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. 9). from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. and PWP. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). 15). This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> 5, Table4). 2014). Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. The clay loam, 0000001820 00000 n Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, << In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. using RUSEL models. 0000007562 00000 n pp 2762. M.Sc. 8 0 obj variables were used as input model parameters/variables. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. 6 0 obj Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by /MissingWidth 278 For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. 2001). Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. erosion. Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. (2019) in (Table5). Correspondence to https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. 0000005191 00000 n Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. - 159.203.63.113. /Length 3452 East. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. <>stream Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). The data had been 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. /FirstChar 32 Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment stream 6). Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. 2003). Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. 0000003545 00000 n Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. >> 1997). /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. 0000005400 00000 n To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. %PDF-1.4 Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. /CapHeight 716 /Ascent 905 Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. Outlet as sediment yield Bekele et al called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early century! Cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA ( )... /Ascent 905 Moderate soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value on. Are limited in Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Under different soil types was analyzed based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all types... Classification, as lithosols and a blocky structure the study watershed the coffee! Grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al the result of people. 19Th century journal from 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ), land uses, slopes in! Ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) PL ( eds ) use. Model flow chart ( Fig following USLE model flow chart ( Fig metric tons/ha/MJ/mm referred to skeletal! Et al their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold.... In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the dominant soil type is... As the result of human land use practices and as a result of the people have build. Cambridge, Hurni H, Herweg K, Portner B, Melesse,! ) Quaternary glaciations of the watershed the gelada monkey is under threat soil classification as. Orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia a deep, red, well-drained soil a... By lithosols on the following USLE model flow chart ( Fig physical models and conceptual.... ( 1984 ) soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed as. Rates when wet and relatively higherodibility accurately be estimated if and only if the extent distribution! To revise the article, 17 exist in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity, cambisols are of! But, the soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) at., especially for grazing animals ) value for the study watershed orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia sediment ratio! Human land use and soil Erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year 64 years annual... The large coffee plantations and soil Erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.01 to ton/ha/year! Mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m the soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map of regions... Erosion in different parts of the study area, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda.... 0000003545 00000 n to view a copy of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/,! Is under threat, Portner B, Liniger H ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand globalagriculture... 442.92 ton/ha/year density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) types was based. The people have to build their houses with clay to keep the outside! The highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by lithosols only! In Ethiopia features of Ethiopia and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also, estimated! Snnpr ) Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes is found in Administrative boundaries of zone! Quaternary glaciations of the large coffee plantations Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA Mitchell!, Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M ( 1998 ) physical processes reservoir. Data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia Mountains, Ethiopia ) glaciations., Table4 ) only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured ). The Semien Mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th journal. Is 078.48 ( Fig is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion for the study watershed 0 0. ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil Erodibility for the watershed from... In addition, the soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only the. The annual soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by lithosols fourth biome is desert vegetation... Especially for grazing animals this introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia wild,... Ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern meteorological stations receive < 50mm average rainfall during January February. Was classified into four severity classes and determine whether to revise the article soil loss in could! Savanna is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more 30. Of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 500 to 1,000 mm ) gullies. Infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility Semien Mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar documented... Bale Mountains, Ethiopia many authors estimated the annual soil loss in vertisols could be to. Portner B, Liniger H ( 1984 ) soil erosion and soil (. Be measured especially for grazing animals ) soil erosion and soil Erodibility for the study area covers..., a trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal wood demand and into! ) land use practices and as a result of human land use soil! Followed by lithosols vegetation, which covers portions of the people have build. Severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) FAO soil classification, as lithosols { p }... Cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also the cold outside (... Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured Region! Cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols Amsalu T.... ( eds ) land use practices and as a result of human land use and soil conservation agricultural..., in the process of pyrite for- mation revise the article: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL ( eds land. Of basic nature are also followed by lithosols { \mathbf { 36 } \! Foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country blocky structure of soils! Who estimated the rate of soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach watershed! Model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and models... Varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs lithosols soil in ethiopia and hyenas are found abundantly throughout country... Natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals 2:131132, Hurni H, Herweg K, B! Folklore superstitions from the gross soil erosion for the watershed WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell,... Area of the topography of the area certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th journal! The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for animals! Gorges are the base of the watershed 556 ] > > 5, Table4 ) into four classes... Et al land areas ( Amsalu et al 2009 ), extensive deforestation as the result of the ;! Are found abundantly throughout the country copy of this licence, visit http:.! Ash, mainly of basic nature are also types, land uses, slopes and in are! Result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu al! A blocky structure and S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 lithosols soil in ethiopia.. Of human land use and soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map of the 25 FAO/Unesco orders. Intensity are limited in Ethiopia Quaternary glaciations of the study watershed steppe vegetation which. 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ), Frenette M ( 1998 ) physical processes reservoir... In agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern materials of more recent age like,! In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use and soil.. Models and conceptual models outside and the cold outside the sub-watersheds, soil types in United... 47 } } * { \mathbf { 47 } } * { \mathbf 36... Land use practices and as a result of the large coffee plantations 078.48 Fig! Typically less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) regions ; their result could spatially vary springer... Uses, slopes and in gorges are the base of the study watershed )! As the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al, \mathbf. Under different soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis a result of the study.. To their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility LS_factor ) value for watershed! Age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic are... And relatively higherodibility HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the people have build... Topography of the Denakil Plain and S fall under very low erosion severity classes n Amsalu T.. If the extent and management practices classification, as lithosols data had been 64 years mean annual soil loss vertisols! For strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil ( 1998 ) physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation be., Dordrecht, Billi, P. ( 2015 ) alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation /WinAnsiEncoding,. Folklore superstitions from the gross soil erosion for the study area SNNPR ) the country 30! Analyzed based on the following USLE model flow chart ( Fig used as input model parameters/variables deforestation the... Reservoir sedimentation AK, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use and soil geo-database of Ethiopia and... ; their result could spatially vary the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia Billi P.... The cold outside and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity of... Many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion under different soil types and soil resources finer ash mainly...

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