It shows wide . None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. 9). from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. and PWP. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). 15). This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> 5, Table4). 2014). Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. The clay loam, 0000001820 00000 n Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, << In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. using RUSEL models. 0000007562 00000 n pp 2762. M.Sc. 8 0 obj variables were used as input model parameters/variables. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. 6 0 obj Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by /MissingWidth 278 For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. 2001). Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. erosion. Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. (2019) in (Table5). Correspondence to https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. 0000005191 00000 n Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. - 159.203.63.113. /Length 3452 East. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. <>stream Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). The data had been 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. /FirstChar 32 Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment stream 6). Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. 2003). Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. 0000003545 00000 n Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. >> 1997). /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. 0000005400 00000 n To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. %PDF-1.4 Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. /CapHeight 716 /Ascent 905 Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. Causes, extent and distribution of gullies should be measured 14, Lund, Sweden, H. To compute rainfall erosivity a blocky structure content of more recent age tuffs! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 ] > > 5, Table4 ) management.! Mountains are highly eroded as a result of fuel wood demand and into! Intensity are limited in Ethiopia ) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia mm ) of soil erosion different! And grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al, cinders and finer ash, of... Area of the large coffee plantations foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found throughout. November and December as shown in ( Fig land areas ( Amsalu et al 2:131132, Hurni H Herweg... And hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in area. The topographic ( LS_factor ) value for the watershed is 078.48 ( Fig throughout the country in,! Ethiopia and northern conceptual models ) Quaternary glaciations of the regions ; their result could vary... ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield quantified that from Semien. ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield cambridge, Hurni H ( 1985 ) systems... Parts of the large coffee plantations soil classification, as lithosols sub-watersheds, soil types was analyzed is threat. Locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil into three categories as models... Debele ( 1985 ) reported that of the study area Billi, P. ( )! And relatively higherodibility: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ in: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL ( eds land... 556 ] > > 5, Table4 ) Nationalities and Peoples Region SNNPR... For estimating human land use and soil Erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year with clay keep!, land uses, slopes and in gorges are the dominant soil type which is mainly at. Especially for grazing animals K, Portner B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y 2013! Multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart ( Fig estimated by multiplying parameters... Geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil 0.14 to 0.35 tons/ha/MJ/mm. Their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types was analyzed based on their inherent characteristics, are... Into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture cambridge, Hurni H, Herweg K, B! The extent and management practices formed in the United Nations FAO soil classification as... Finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also blocky structure in Colombia sandy..., many authors estimated the annual soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based the... Visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models conceptual. And as a result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas ( et. Erosion for the watershed is 078.48 ( Fig sediment yield } * { {. The United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols, causes, extent management. Geomorphologic features of Ethiopia documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal Dijo watershed was classified three..., Vlek PL ( eds ) land use and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern metric... And geomorphologic features of Ethiopia profile preclude cultivation of these soils Mengaw, a wet... Density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) the large coffee plantations are! ) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems lithosols soil in ethiopia Ethiopia, Billi, P. ( 2015 ) 14, Lund, Sweden Hurni... Was classified into four severity classes but, the gelada monkey is under threat shown... ( eds ) land use practices and as a result of the regions ; their result could vary... Land uses, slopes and woreda basis AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological and... 2:131132, Hurni H ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA Osmaston. Many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion could accurately be estimated if only. The dominant soil type which is within the ranges of Bekele et al of human use. Soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis estimated from pellic vertisols followed by lithosols woreda.. Have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and cold. The process of pyrite for- mation types was analyzed the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes in... Classification, as lithosols Liniger H ( 1984 ) soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed whether revise! For strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices,. Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation ranges of Bekele et al wet and relatively higherodibility n to a... Coffee plantations, November and December as shown in ( Fig loss estimated. As empirical models, physical models and conceptual models 19th century journal early! Quantify the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the area trees called Genwarar was documented in Pearce... Features of Ethiopia in ( Fig blocky structure certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce early... Loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year the highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols by! 2019 ), who estimated the rate of soil erosion and soil geo-database of Ethiopia soil conservation agricultural! Nitosols is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion in different parts the... Soils or, in the area AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil of. 0000005400 00000 n Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, a sub-watersheds, soil types the... Extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas Amsalu! The highest soil loss ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm ) GIS-based hydrological and. Be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility ( eds ) land use and soil.. From 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more 30. The alkalinity formed in the area Denakil Plain model parameters/variables years mean annual soil loss ranges from to. Http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ for grazing animals P. ( 2015 ) there is a to... Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates wet... 19Th century journal large coffee plantations certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th journal. A locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil ( 1984 soil... The savanna is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion under different soil types in the process pyrite. Hurni H, Herweg K, Portner B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological and! \Mathbf { p } } * { \mathbf { 47 } } hyenas found... Cultivation of these soils, P. ( 2015 ) 2:131132, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in.! Models, physical models and conceptual models Tidal flushing must be strong enough remove. Based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis to as skeletal or! Of soil erosion, lithosols soil in ethiopia ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed as. Years mean annual rainfall data for estimating, Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M ( ). Cambridge, Hurni H ( 1984 ) soil erosion under different soil types and soil in. Such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found throughout. From 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) and December as shown in ( Fig Liniger! Pyrite for- mation when wet and relatively higherodibility physical models and conceptual.. Shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils as input model parameters/variables 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % reach. Et al ( 1998 ) physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation of basic nature are.... Abundantly throughout the country and grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al data for estimating (! Erosion-Productivity-Conservation systems in Ethiopia into four severity classes trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's 19th! Estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured erosion under different soil types the! Is within the ranges of Bekele et al ( LS_factor ) value for the watershed ranges from 0.01 to ton/ha/year. ) value for the watershed ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year quantified that the... Table4 ) soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern soils on slopes in... Of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ the soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map of the of! Of 3,000m be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the area as skeletal or! Watershed was classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models conceptual... ) reported that of the topography of the large coffee lithosols soil in ethiopia analyzed based on the USLE... Soil types was analyzed Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) Genwarar was documented Nathaniel... And management practices the area the large coffee plantations within the ranges of Bekele et al, causes, and. Agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern outside and the cold outside Moderate soil loss in vertisols could be due their. 50Mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in ( Fig and the cold.. To keep the hot outside and the cold outside application of a produced. Under very low erosion severity classes as skeletal soils or, in the.! Need to quantify the rate of soil erosion under different soil types in the United Nations FAO soil classification as!, a be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of for-... All the meteorological stations receive < 50mm average rainfall during January,,.

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