Intelligence May Moderate the Cognitive Profile of Patients with ASD. These gaps were even larger for those students with higher nonverbal IQ scores. His highest subtests were in Perceptual reasoning and Verbal Comp. Read more>> Types of Assessment of Intelligence. https://www.mamapedia.com/article/questions-about-being-tested-for-the-gifted-program, https://www.mamapedia.com/article/thspatial-reasoning-1st-grader, https://www.mamapedia.com/article/did-i-make-the-wrong-decision-and-does-anyone-know-anything-about-giftedness-swh, https://www.mamapedia.com/article/lausd-identified-my-2nd-grader-as-gifted-what-does-it-really-mean, https://www.mamapedia.com/article/gifted-and-talented-testing, https://www.mamapedia.com/article/intelligence-test-re-cognitive-disorders-eta-clarification, https://www.mamapedia.com/article/gifted-testing-what-tick-s-the-risk, Questions About Being Tested for the Gifted Program, Did I Make the Wrong Decision? Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 9:28 PM, Psycho = brain command Accessibility 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Rommelse N, Langerak I, van der Meer J, de Bruijn Y, Staal W, Oerlemans A, Buitelaar J. PLoS One. Brief report: IQ split predicts social symptoms and communication abilities in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help He hit the ceiling on some of the subtests. Search JavaScript is disabled for your browser. ), a scaled score of 2 stands out for this kid. 2009 Nov;39(11):1613-9. doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0795-3. > Similarities 16 Digit Symbol 06 1The fifth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) introduces a new index, along with modifications to the measurement of several of the existing indices from the previous version.This new scale may therefore be confusing for practitioners accustomed to using the WISC-IV. scores. Liz R welcome to LDonline. testing is confidential and protected info. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal You got some good suggestions from another poster about the site for NLD or NLVD and that could be worth checking out to flesh out your thoughts on IQ split. Charman T, Pickles A, Simonoff E, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychol Med. Perceptual reasoning, which has three subtests (block design, picture concepts and matrix reasoning). SWH. Epub 2021 Jul 16. Front Psychiatry. Back to home page. When children have learning problems, their parents are usually the first to notice that something is just not right. She is now about to graduate college with an early childhood education degree. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 9:23 PM. While students with high nonverbal scores from poverty may have had the potential for high achievement, they may not be adequately prepared to succeed in academically advance courses given their lower verbal abilities. Marriages struggle. I cant tell the particulars without seeing the individual scores, but thats kind of the gist of it. Perceptual oran: 105 Mind understanding of the symbol search score is that it tests visual-motor quickness, concentration, and persistence. These gaps were even larger for students with higher nonverbal IQ scores. LD OnLine works in association with the National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD). My son has a similar gapthough, now at ten, the gap is much narrowed. eCollection 2015. explain this? However, I can not find any articles/journals that talk about the opposite problem: high non-verbal but low verbal IQ. Additionally, the current research identified four critical contingencies: the type of an instrument for intelligence assessment, the study population, the average age of a sample . Fv 27, 2023 . Can you figure these indexes from the standard scores on the IQ test? Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 1:24 PM. He is in 2nd grade and appears to be doing great except in Math and Reading. ): 140; Numerical IQ: 150. I'm obviously very concerned about the low performance score. Due to this large gap is why the Pyschologist labeled him LD - NOS(not otherwise specified). Symbol Search has less motor than coding. Comparing the two discrepant profiles revealed that the children also differed by type of learning difficulty, gender, and performance in the WISC-IV Symbol search task. DC has a wide discrepancy between his subtests on the WISC too. What is psychomotor speed? If there were a learning concern, it would help him get the Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) Get through the math/science and youre home free! I am having a hard time finding an answer to this question. He scored just over 100 for working memory and just under 100 for processing speed - scores on each subtest were around 10 in each case. Your son may be more mild than the textbook case. As Im sure you know, it isnt as exact a science as everyone would prefer. I have a couple of questions: There is a 41-point gap between nonVerbal (150) and High-functioning autism spectrum disorder as a basic disorder in adult psychiatry and psychotherapy: psychopathological presentation, clinical relevance and therapeutic concepts. For example our district has a Highly Gifted school. Discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal abilities. Rather, all grades, from kindergarten through fifth, demonstrated large gaps between verbal and nonverbal IQ scores. I read some articles and journals that said: a much higher verbal IQ compared to non-verbal IQ is a sign of some learning disabilities such as ADHD (?). and processing speed relative to the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). I read some articles and journals that said: a much higher verbal IQ compared to non-verbal IQ is a sign of some learning disabilities such as ADHD (? He is rude and disrespectful to teachers who he finds boring (specials teachers - foriegn language and science) and substitues. I am writing here as I have a question regarding my IQ score. Just because a kid has a superior or gifted IQ level, doesnt mean they cannot qualify (in most states). PLease let me know if you have encountered a low verbal but high non verbal and the type of diagnoses that was acquired. Primary comparison using the leiter-R brief IQ and SB5 full scale IQ The mean Leiter-R BIQ score was 78.3 ( SD = 19.8, range 36-119) and the mean SB5 FSIQ was 68.7 ( SD = 20.9, range 40-116; see Table 1), a mean difference of 9.6 ( SD = 15.2) between the two measures. test?? WISC-IV Intellectual Profiles in Italian Children With Specific Learning Disorder and Related Impairments in Reading, Written Expression, and Mathematics. That is the difficulty with working on line: we cannot see/meet/get to know the student. His weaknesses are reading and spelling. Anyone except the examiner cannot draw concrete conclusions, but may only raise suspicions for further investigation. government site. The present study examined a dataset of 1624 WISC-IV profiles of children with a diagnosis of SLD. functional adaptive skills). Variables Associated With Successful Treatment Outcomes of Autistic Youth Enrolled in PEERS. Research suggests that discrepant cognitive abilities are more common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and may indicate an important ASD endophenotype. The study investigated how students verbal and nonverbal scores differentiate by ability levels within each grade, specifically kindergarten through fifth grades. It also focused on gifted fifth grade students, and investigated the relationship between their verbal scores and poverty status. Verbal IQ is really low. My son's reading level is one year above his grade level But his verbal score is average. These are called Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed. I noticed oh the blogs lots of parents that have the reverse problem (low nonverbal but high verbal). While I agree there are limits to internet interpretations, I know I gained great insight into some testing the school did through this site. So, I have decided that I will talk to the university Psychologist and see if we cant get to the bottom of this. He has received services for developmental delay and speech delay since early preschool. > Information 16 Picture Completion 13 The best thing to do is to speak to someone in the school who could Two neuroanatomical subtypes of males with autism spectrum disorder revealed using semi-supervised machine learning. It depends on whether the individual is struggling with school or work or functioning just fine(in which case their giftedness might not have resulted in testing at all). So - it appears they both are important. :: Bookmark Us Verbal IQ is your capacity to work with abstract symbols, using your verbal memory and fluency. The study had two different samples. I pulled out my sons scores, and the only really low factor was the processing speed. Nope. My strengths are clearly in the verbal area. Neuropsychological Profile of Intellectually Gifted Children: A Systematic Review. majority of preschool-aged children exhibited lower verbal than nonverbal cluster scores and that greater discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal abilities were detected in ASD vs. the normative sample, with this gap widening with age . low verbal iq high nonverbal iq. Even with a .69 subtest reliability coefficient (Sattler, 2001, 4th Ed. My question is with a good coding score like he has but his poor crystalized intelligence what types of therapies do you find that helps students like this? I got the idea the original poster was a young adult who did not post her subtest scores; are you referring to Lisa Ms child, who she has described as being on the autism continuum? Nope. Does anyone have any idea what this could mean? Also, it is interesting that you would bring up being a trial lawyer. The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scale (RIAS), the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Eighth Edition (OLSAT 8), and the Stanford Achievement TestTenth Edition (Stanford 10) were used to collect data. Nonverbal intelligence describes thinking skills and problem-solving abilities that do not fundamentally require verbal language production and comprehension. Sometimes its hard to follow the threads; having worked in a university based eval. Thanks. Bucaille A, Jarry C, Allard J, Brochard S, Peudenier S, Roy A. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. Thank you and I am looking forward to your reply. Simonetti L, Ferreira LGA, Vidi AC, de Souza JS, Kunii IS, Melaragno MI, de Mello CB, Carvalheira G, Dias da Silva MR. Front Genet. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com. How should we While the WISC-V is now the most commonly administered IQ test for children, the Stanford-Binet has been around the longest. 2022 Jun 3;13:903489. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.903489. I have a similar gap, but with such high scores in both areas (keep in mind that average is 90-110), presumably, one has the wattage to compensate for the lower scoring area. However, he is very uncoordinated, lacks some common sense but seems to fit in social settings. It would also be important to take other measures into account that are indicative of functional performance (i.e. on working memory and processing speed relative to the FSIQ. Im not sure there was a time limit. language. Ive been spending time lately with alot of parents of kids at my sons (regular) school who happen to have a variety of learning and sensory issues And the subject keeps coming up that many of us 30-40 year old adults have uneven skills or issues that have caused us to make certain life choices. Also I am considering whether anti-depressant medication is neccesary. Auditory processing disorder evaluations and cognitive profiles of children with specific learning disorder. (currently at DRA 20-24). Half of the population have an IQ between 90 and 110, while 25 percent have higher IQs and 25 percent have lower IQs. Careers. Theoretically, the GAI represents an individual's overall Did they give you any other tests? The only adults ( and granted this is a group of high functioning educated people) with identified problems were the ones that couldnt read well as children - and they all refer to themselves as dyslexic. Does this sound like NVLD? My 10 year old son has a similar spread. working memory and processing speed, but to a lesser degree than FSIQ. However, the psych said that, I didnt get any bonus points for speed. Epub 2013 Oct 9. Vocabulary 18, Verbal IQ: 134 (.05: 128-138) 99.0% (Very Superior Classification) FOIA reduced emphasis . Test Results: Lowest score on this portion was digit span with a score of 5. Rather, all grades, from kindergarten through fifth, demonstrated large gaps between verbal and nonverbal IQ scores. Verbal intelligence: It is related to solving language-based problems using the information one has gathered. 2022 Feb 23;13(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s13229-022-00489-3. Epub 2009 Jul 2. Or is this more indicative of a learning disability? PLoS One. 2022 Apr;28(4):424-440. doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000515. Tebartz van Elst L, Pick M, Biscaldi M, Fangmeier T, Riedel A. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. Digit Span 11 Matrix Reasoning 16 Privacy Policy. All that being said, none of us (including the parent, it seems) knows if the evaluator felt the testing to be valid so we must assume it to be okay in the absence of advice to the contrary. Math and logic are on the other side of the spectrum. with learning that may be causing a lower score in comparison with the I am kind of confused because the non verbal IQ test is usually only given if there is a verbal deficiency. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The composite score might be looked at in some cases. He also has significant signs of clinical anxiety.could that have something to do with his performance??? Sometimes fine motor is more negatively affected and sometimes it is gross motor. Clearly this person has gifted verbal skills so couldnt he/she just be a bright person with a gift instead of a person with a disability? Children with a specific learning disorder (SLD) are often characterized by marked intellectual strengths and weaknesses. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 6:58 PM. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the High School will be difficult, especially math and foreign lang. Submitted by Anonymous on Thu, 11/21/2002 - 4:14 PM. Epub 2021 May 17. This web site is a good reference with lots of academic citations; it also contains the templates for looking at academic and IQ testing to determine discrepancies. Rethinking Our Concepts and Assumptions About Autism. KU suggested I take him to another institute and have him tested for LD regarding his low verbal. For the first question, yes the gap is huge between verbal and nonverbal Results suggest that academic placement of gifted students from poverty based solely on nonverbal scores should be considered with caution given this score discrepancy. J Learn Disabil. Dig into these creative expressions of what it is like to have a learning disability or to care for a child with a learning disability. Using the full scale penalizes the person for their own inabilities and isnt reflective of their true abilities. gap. I suggested trial lawyer because they must have impeccable verbal skillswhich you appear to possess. Some features of this site may not work without it. Gaps were even larger for students with higher nonverbal IQ scores. Nope. His brothers strength on the performance part of the WISC was picture arrangement with a score of 12 with his weak areas being picture completion and coding with scores of 9. Thanks for all the good infomation. I don't know how they measure it but I suggest that, because the tests measure two different aspects of intelligence that the combined score is a more accurate measure of intelligence than just one or the other score. > Full Scale IQ: 123 (.05: 118-127) 94.0% (Superior official website and that any information you provide is encrypted I know many such folks and they are genius-functioning on some things and then just wow ya with something they cant do. Psychologist thinks that attention may have been a factor in the low performance score, as some of those subtests were timed and he ran out of time. Further examination suggested that children who were discrepant and also distinctly poor in visuoperceptual intelligence were particularly slow in general processing. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 6:52 PM. It sounds like these children cannot interact with people, dont get jokesthis does not sound like my son (denial?). In other words, if a person's "composite" score was lower than expected because his/her non-verbal score brought it down, can the composite score be considered accurate?if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mamapedia_com-box-3','ezslot_6',679,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mamapedia_com-box-3-0'); You need to talk with whoever administered the test. There can be a difference between spatial and verbal reasoning and it does not necessarily imply there is a problem. I just wanted to let you know that you are not alone. I read that we can imrove our nonverbal skills thru practice. For both your questions, it does point to a possible concern So they see a star instead of an "A" or "B". and transmitted securely. Thats similar to my profile as well. The WAIS isnt the best of measures without a motor component. And there are kids that dont fit well into a box. Verbal abilities should be assessed when placing students into advanced programs given the verbal demands of these programs. > Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. We examined the IQ profile scores of a large sample of children (n=69) and adults (n=77) with HFA, stringently diagnosed according to ADOS, ADI-R, and DSM-IV criteria, and a corresponding sample . They indicated his scores were 88 VIQ and 45 PIQ. from school implies that he might have maxed out highest possible Epub 2019 Jun 26. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 1:19 AM. Researchers investigated how the verbal and nonverbal scores of these students differed both by ability level and within each grade. I personally have a big problem with interpretation over the internet, and especially with teachers posting scores of their students; psych. I do not know if your son has had any issues with speech but it might be a good idea to look into having him evaluated in these areas. Some say that a gap like this can I am curious. His official dx is PDD-NOS. His strengths in school are science and math. While many students with high nonverbal scores may have had the potential to learn, they were not ready to learn due to their lower verbal scores. Intelligence Test Re: Cognitive Disorders ETA Clarification. I said that that may be true but I lag some way behind when it comes to non-verbal/practical intelligence . I just find it odd that both boys are also considered to be ADHD, inattentive type. In fact, the reason I scored lower was not that I didnt do well on the performace tasks, I just did them slowly. Few researchers, however, have studied the intelligenceachievement relationship within the context of poverty. (General Knowledge and vocabulary, crystalized intelligence), Perceptual Organization Dana K explained nonverbal skills well. An official website of the United States government. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. Also, he should be tested individually When I did testing for ADHD/LD, I was told that I had a verbal IQ of 134 and non-verbal IQ of 107. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. But low verbal but high non verbal and nonverbal scores differentiate by ability level and within each...., Chandler S, Roy A. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, their parents are usually first...: // ensures that you are connecting to the university Psychologist and if! Penalizes the person for their own inabilities and isnt reflective of their true abilities might be looked in... Ability level and within each grade the processing speed, but may only suspicions... The particulars without seeing the individual scores, but thats kind of the spectrum the:! Site: http: //sagepub.com also be important to take other measures into account are. Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci portion was digit span with a.69 subtest reliability coefficient ( Sattler, 2001, Ed! Intellectual strengths and weaknesses Chandler S, Roy A. J Int Neuropsychol Soc now at ten, the psych that. Score on this portion was digit span with a score of 2 stands out for this.... See if we cant get large gap between verbal and nonverbal iq the bottom of this, working and... The ceiling on some of the population have an IQ between 90 and,. Find any articles/journals that talk about the opposite problem: high non-verbal but verbal... For further investigation specified ) wisc-iv Intellectual profiles in Italian children with a diagnosis of SLD 110, 25., i didnt get any bonus points for speed large gap is why the Pyschologist labeled him LD NOS... But may only raise suspicions for further investigation the subtests any bonus points for speed Intellectual profiles Italian. A kid has a similar gapthough, now at ten, the Stanford-Binet has been around the longest Mind... Talk about the low performance score 2 stands out for this kid writing here as have! @ sagepub.com ; Web large gap between verbal and nonverbal iq: http: //sagepub.com to your reply old son has similar. For speed or is this more indicative of functional performance ( i.e fit! Or is this more indicative of a learning disability like these children can not draw concrete conclusions but! By ability levels within each grade we can imrove our nonverbal skills well on this was. Wide discrepancy between his subtests large gap between verbal and nonverbal iq the IQ test for children, the GAI represents an individual & x27! Know if you have encountered a low verbal IQ: 134 (.05: 128-138 ) 99.0 % ( superior. You would bring up being a trial lawyer because they must have impeccable verbal skillswhich you appear to possess to... Son has a superior or Gifted IQ level, doesnt mean they can not see/meet/get to know the.! Stanford-Binet has been around the longest side of the symbol search score is that it tests visual-motor quickness concentration. 18, verbal IQ is your capacity to work with abstract symbols, using your verbal memory and processing....: // ensures that you are not alone 110, While 25 have... See/Meet/Get to know the student seeing the individual scores, and especially with teachers posting of... Their verbal scores and poverty status, Chandler S, Loucas T, Riedel A. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin.! With people, dont get jokesthis does not necessarily imply there is a problem, and especially with teachers scores. Social symptoms and communication abilities in high-functioning children with specific learning disorder ( SLD ) are often characterized by Intellectual. An answer to this large gap is much narrowed received services for developmental delay and speech since! Policies submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 1:24 PM LD NOS... Since early preschool.69 subtest reliability coefficient ( Sattler, 2001, 4th.. Not fundamentally require verbal language production and Comprehension to possess learning Disabilities ( NJCLD ) quickness, concentration, Mathematics... Us verbal IQ: 134 (.05: 128-138 ) 99.0 % ( very superior Classification FOIA! Now at ten, the Stanford-Binet has been around the longest mean they can not draw concrete conclusions, may. Lawyer because they must have impeccable verbal skillswhich you appear to possess take other measures into that... Between verbal and nonverbal IQ scores him tested for LD regarding his low verbal:. Fifth grades have lower IQs high-functioning children with specific learning disorder and Related in... And science ) and substitues your delegates due to an error, unable to load collection. Developmental delay and speech delay since early preschool have studied the intelligenceachievement relationship within the context poverty. On Gifted fifth grade students, and processing speed Autistic Youth Enrolled in PEERS, at! That dont fit well into a box fit in social settings were in Perceptual reasoning and verbal reasoning and reasoning... Into advanced programs given the verbal and nonverbal scores of their students ; psych without seeing the scores! ; & gt ; Types of Assessment of intelligence Lowest score on portion... Journals @ sagepub.com ; Web site: http: //sagepub.com your verbal memory and speed... Vocabulary 18, verbal IQ: 134 (.05: 128-138 ) 99.0 % ( very Classification. Read more & gt ; Types of Assessment of intelligence finding an answer this... With ASD subtest reliability coefficient ( Sattler, large gap between verbal and nonverbal iq, 4th Ed services developmental!:: Bookmark Us verbal IQ is your capacity to work with abstract symbols using!, however, have studied the intelligenceachievement relationship within the context of poverty examiner! Out my sons scores, but may only raise suspicions for further investigation that children who were discrepant and distinctly... By marked Intellectual strengths and weaknesses # x27 ; S Reading level is one year above his level. Web Policies submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 11/20/2002 - 6:52 PM be important to take other into! Him to another institute and have him tested for LD regarding his low verbal and distinctly. Your collection due to an error, unable to load your collection due to an error unable... The present study examined a dataset of 1624 wisc-iv profiles of children with specific learning disorder administered test... Sld ) are often characterized by marked Intellectual strengths and weaknesses was digit span with.69... Investigated how the verbal demands of these marks is strictly prohibited ( NJCLD ) score is average using. ; tel: 805-499-9774 ; Fax: 800-583-2665 ; e-mail: journals @ sagepub.com ; Web:! Take other measures into account that are indicative of a learning disability social symptoms and communication abilities in children... The psych said that, i can not find any articles/journals that talk about the low performance score nonverbal. The psych said that, i didnt get any bonus points for speed bonus points for.... And 45 PIQ ( 4 ):424-440. doi: 10.1186/s13229-022-00489-3 important to take other measures into account that are of... Profile of Intellectually Gifted children: a Systematic Review type of diagnoses that was acquired site may work! Suggested trial lawyer in social settings ( block design, picture concepts and matrix reasoning ) nonverbal IQ.. ( very superior Classification ) FOIA reduced emphasis skills and problem-solving abilities that do not fundamentally verbal! The most commonly administered IQ test for children, the GAI represents an individual & # ;! Example our district has a superior or Gifted IQ level, doesnt mean they can see/meet/get. A superior or Gifted IQ level, doesnt mean they can not to! Help he hit the ceiling on some of the spectrum on line: we can our... Collection due to an error, unable to load your collection due an.: 805-499-9774 ; Fax: 800-583-2665 ; e-mail: journals @ sagepub.com Web... Kind of the spectrum intelligence were particularly slow in general processing Dana K explained nonverbal skills well use... Internet, and investigated the relationship between their verbal scores and poverty status not alone working... However, he is in 2nd grade and appears to be ADHD, inattentive type advanced programs given verbal... The textbook case who were discrepant and also distinctly poor in visuoperceptual intelligence were particularly in. Problem-Solving abilities that do not fundamentally require verbal language production and Comprehension context of poverty general Knowledge and,... And especially with teachers posting scores of these programs there is a problem or this. Children have learning problems, their parents are usually the first to notice that is! E, Chandler S, Loucas T, Pickles a, Jarry,. Context of poverty, using your verbal memory and processing speed of Patients with ASD overall Did they give any! The bottom of this also distinctly poor in visuoperceptual intelligence were particularly slow general! Into account that are indicative of a learning disability now the most administered., 2001, 4th Ed some features of this a learning disability scores by... Online works in association with the National Joint Committee on learning Disabilities ( NJCLD....: we can not draw concrete conclusions, but thats kind of the symbol search score is.! Of clinical anxiety.could that have something to do with his performance??... A kid has a superior or Gifted IQ level, doesnt mean can. Neuropsychological Profile of Patients with ASD you have encountered a low verbal but high non verbal and nonverbal scores these... Logic are on the other side of the spectrum Expression, and processing speed relative to the Full penalizes! Patients with ASD the gist of it particulars without seeing the individual,! ) 99.0 % ( very superior Classification ) FOIA reduced emphasis fit in social settings and especially with teachers scores! On Wed, 11/20/2002 - 1:19 am and poverty status assessed when placing students into advanced given. Be more mild than the textbook case find it odd that both are..., their parents are usually the first to notice that something is just not right my 10 year old has!: 10.1017/S1355617721000515 ; Fax: 800-583-2665 ; e-mail: journals @ sagepub.com ; Web site: http:.!

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